also major constraints for many Chinese swine farmers to overcome. This is not limited to technical skills. Perhaps more important is the lack of basic management skills needed to add economic value to a swine operation.
Chinese consumers looking for quality and flavor seem willing to pay higher prices for pork. Pioneering companies have reported success in value-added products when they try to emphasize pork quality by cross breeding lean pigs with local Chinese breeds. Several food producers have already opened specialized stores or supermarket counters for ‘local-flavor pork’. The broiler industry has already experienced a similar change in several provinces in southern China where the fast-growing broilers have now mostly disappeared from the markets due to unfavorable eating quality.
Food safety has recently caused a large amountlot of public concerns in China due to a spate of cases where pork was contaminatedfood-related toxicities. In the past 3 years, several human fatalities have resulted from pig farms deliberately adding clenbuterol to increase pig lean content. Complaints and anger from the public have forced the government to impose tighter control and establish strict new laws for quarantine and inspections. The change could potentially deter the new entries of small pig producers and reduce the number of backyard producers who have less control of the quality. Branded products from large-scale pig farms could gain advantages if they can differentiate their products in the market.
China’s WTO accession along with food safety concerns could facilitate foreign pork producers in entering the high-end of the Chinese pork market. Imported pork may satisfy the needs of high-end consumers, consumers in urban areas, and foreign tourists. However, whether or not local consumers will purchase imported pork is difficult to predict and this will depend on their disposable income growth, changes in consumer preferences, and other socioal-economic factors. Even under more favorable market conditions after WTO, foreign investors in the Chinese pig industry still seem cautious. Until now, limited amounts of foreign capital have beenwere brought into breeding businesses and a few packing plants. It seems to be too early to evaluate the impacts of foreign investments. From television sets to laptop computers, all consumer products have become, to some degree, commodities in China now. The question is: Can foreign pork producers entering the Chinese market differentiate their product? If not, imports are unlikely as competition on price is difficult.
In many aspects, the current industry is quite efficient at delivering product from the farm to the table. Processing, marketing and transportation costs are often relatively low. Cold storage facilities are limited and the fresh pork market is still predominant. As demand increases it is more likely that the demand for pork will be met internally. Pork production has a very long history in China and farms can be placed in rural areas quite easily. Farms will be placed where grain supplies are adequate and markets are available. The massive infrastructure investments in China haswill allowed greater ease in transportation of these grains and also sales. In many ways it can be argued that China is more likely tomay become an exporter of pork, especially of loins, as the industry matures.
References and data sources
Bob Morrison and John Deen, Trip Report to U.S. Grains Council, 2002
China Breeding Swine Information Network,
China Ministry of Agriculture Information Center, Price information of Livestock Products, 2000 - 2002
Guangdong Swine Industry Magazine 2000-2002
National Bureau of Statistics of China, China Statistics Year Book, 1997-2002
USDA, China’s Food and Agriculture: Issues for the 21st Century, April 2002
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